India has splurged billions on metro trains. But where are the commuters?

What Happened

India has invested over $26 billion since 2014 on metro networks across two dozen cities, expanding the system fourfold to 1,000km. However, most metros underperform ridership projections significantly. Mumbai's Aqua Line, despite $33.5km infrastructure investment and expected 1.5 million daily passengers, attracts roughly 150,000 commuters. High fares and accessibility issues deter users.

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